It can, and there is a genuine irony in how most people arrive at it.
The mechanisms
Adhesive removal takes the outer layer. Lip skin — the vermilion — has no stratum corneum to speak of and no oil glands. It is thin, fragile, and it depends entirely on external moisture. Adhesive pulled off it dry lifts cells with it, and repeated nightly that reads as chapping.
Placement on the lips rather than across the seam. Tape centred entirely on the vermilion puts adhesive on the most fragile tissue available. Placed across the lip seam with a margin of skin above and below, most of the grip lands on ordinary facial skin instead.
A dry room. Winter heating drops bedroom humidity to 15–25%, which chaps lips with or without tape. If yours started in November, this is likely the cause and the tape is a bystander. (Why dry air makes everything worse.)
Lip licking. Saliva evaporates and takes moisture with it, so licking chapped lips makes them worse. People do it more when something has been on their mouth all night.
The irony
Here is the part that catches people out.
You apply lip balm to prevent chapping. Adhesive cannot bond to balm, so the tape lifts. You apply more balm, or apply it more thickly. The tape lifts sooner.
Meanwhile many balms contain ingredients that dry lips over time with frequent use — menthol, camphor, phenol, salicylic acid — producing a genuine dependency loop where lips feel worse without it.
So the balm undermines the tape and can worsen the chapping it was applied to fix.
What actually works
Fix removal first. This does more than any product. Take the tape off in the shower if you can — warm water and steam soften adhesive so it releases with almost no resistance. Otherwise hold a warm damp flannel against it for thirty seconds. Then roll it back on itself, close to the skin, slowly, from the outside corner inward. (Proper removal technique.)
Dry removal in a hurry is the single biggest cause of this.
Move the placement. Across the lip seam, with a margin above and below. Less adhesive on vermilion, more on skin that can take it.
Use balm correctly, not more. Apply a plain occlusive — petrolatum or lanolin, no menthol, no camphor, no fragrance — to the lips only, and do it in the morning after removal and through the day. Keep it off the skin above and below where the tape needs to grip.
At night, either skip it entirely or apply a thin layer well before bed and wipe the tape zone dry before applying. (Fitting tape around a skincare routine.)
Humidify the bedroom. 40–50%. Helps the lips, the nose and the throat at once.
Hydrate, which helps less than people hope but is not nothing.
What is not chapping
Worth distinguishing, because the response is different.
Brief redness that fades in ten or fifteen minutes after removal is normal for any adhesive.
Persistent redness into the afternoon, itching, small bumps, or burning is a sensitivity reaction. That is the adhesive being wrong for you rather than a moisture problem, and no amount of balm fixes it. Stop and switch products.
Cracking at the corners of the mouth specifically — angular cheilitis — is usually fungal or bacterial rather than simple chapping, and it needs treating rather than moisturising. Do not tape over it.
Tingling followed by blistering is a cold sore. Stop taping at the tingle. (Why.)
The adhesive matters
If you are getting this despite good technique, the tape may be too aggressive for facial skin.
What you want is an adhesive strong enough to hold overnight and deliberately gentle enough to release — which is also the safety property that makes taping reasonable at all. Titan's bamboo silk tape uses an adhesive that scored 0.0 out of 8 for irritation in ISO 10993 biocompatibility testing, with the finished tape separately screened for 501 PFAS compounds and none detected. (The reports.)
What definitely causes this: athletic tape, wound-closure tape, and anything from a hardware shop. Those are engineered to resist removal, which is the opposite of what lips need. (Backings and adhesives compared.)
The bottom line
Mostly a removal-technique problem, not an inherent property of taping. Take it off wet, roll it back on itself slowly, and place the strip across the lip seam rather than on the lips.
Use plain occlusive balm in the morning rather than a thick layer at night, and humidify the room. If redness persists into the day or you get itching or bumps, that is adhesive sensitivity — change the tape.